4. The Basics
What is an organ?
What is an organ transplant?
http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-70263151/stock-photo-a-male-human-skeleton-with-internal-organs-d-render.html
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
5. History of Organ Donation
Organ transplants have been going on for over fifty
years
1954
1962
1982
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
6. Process of Organ Donation
Eligibility for organ donation
Sources for donor organs
http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=20052
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
7. Interviews for Transplant
Candidacy
Patients will interview with multiple members on the
transplant-candidacy committee before becoming a
candidate
Transplant Coordinator
Transplant Physician
Transplant Surgeon
Psychologist/ Psychiatrist
.
Parr, Elizabeth. Coping with an Organ Transplant. New York: Avery, 2001. Print
8. Equal Opportunity
Shortage of available organs
Distributive justice
Equal access
Maximum benefit
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
9. Testing
Thorough heart evaluation
Pulmonary function evaluation
Ultrasound of the failing organ
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotofobic/3994453510/sizes/m/in/photostream/
.
Parr, Elizabeth. Coping with an Organ Transplant. New York: Avery, 2001. Print
10. United Network for Organ Sharing. UNOS. Donate Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.unos.org/about/index.php>.
12. Types of Organ Transplants
http://www.flickr.com/photos/andrecoandreco/3360196141/sizes/m/in/photostream/
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
13. Liver Transplant
Text
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/
2010/10/101030111057.htm
14. Heart Transplant
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-6388713-human-heart.php
15. Kidney Transplants
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
http://handpaintedturkeyfeathers.com/wsda/a%20human%20kidney-2849.html
16. Lung Transplant
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
homeland-defense4u.com
17. Pancreas Transplant
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-14270950-human-pancreas.php
18. Alternative Organs
Animal organs
Artificial organs
Stem cells
Aborted fetuses
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
19. Animal Organs
Xenotransplantation
Transgenic animals
Winters, Adam. Organ Transplant: The Debate Over Who, How, and Why. New York
http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&source=imghp&biw=1140&bih=615&q=pigs&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g9g-s1&aql=&oq=
20. Artificial Organs
What is an artificial organ?
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Iron lung
Heart-lung machine
http://www.scienceahead.com/entry/top-10-artificial-technologies-ready-to-create-a-real-human-being/
Winters, Adam. Organ Transplant: The Debate Over Who, How, and Why. New York
21. Stem Cells
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
http://hummersandcigarettes.blogspot.com/2010/10/stem-cell-research-new-breakthroughs.html
22. Aborted Fetuses
Don’t worry it’s only a suggestion!
http://www.ridemybike.org/eraserhead.html
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
23. Black Market Organ
Donation
Transplant tourism
The internet
http://www.pata.org/news/canada-polices-transplant-tourism
Kalogjera, Liliana M. "New Means of Increasing the Transplant Organ Supply."
Journal of the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities 34.4
(2007): n. pag. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 4 Nov. 2010.
<http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
25. Organ Donation via the
Internet
Internet solicitation
MatchingDonors.com
It is legal
http://www.uncommon-practices.com/websmart.html
Egendorf, Laura K, ed. Organ Donation. New York: Greenhaven, 2009. Print.
"Organ Donation,"
26. Recovery
Immunosuppression
Infection
Rejection
http://www.umm.edu/surgery-info/postop.htm
The Massachusetts General Hospital Organ Transplant Team and H.F. Pizer.
Organ Transplants: A Patients Guide. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1991. Print.
27. Immunosuppression
Specific suppression
Nonspecific suppression
The Massachusetts General Hospital Organ Transplant Team and H.F. Pizer.
Organ Transplants: A Patients Guide. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1991. Print.
28. Infection
First month
Second - fourth months
Sixth months
The Massachusetts General Hospital Organ Transplant Team and H.F. Pizer.
Organ Transplants: A Patients Guide. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1991. Print.
29. Transplant Rejection
The Massachusetts General Hospital Organ Transplant Team and H.F. Pizer.
Organ Transplants: A Patients Guide. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1991. Print.
http://www.ipadio.com/phlogs/MoniqueEddy1/2010/05/28/Moniques-phlog-Transplant-Rejection
30. Legal and Social Issues
Purpose of organ donation laws
National Organ Transplant Act of 1984
Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1986
First Person Consent Laws
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>
31. Myths & Misconceptions
If I’m a registered donor, they’ll take out my organs
before i’m really dead.
If I’m in an accident and the hospital knows that I am a
donor the doctors won’t try to save my life.
Organ and tissue donation means my body will be
disfigured so I won’t be able to have an open casket
funeral.
Gift of Life. "Busting the Myths About Organ Donations." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/myths/>.
39. Works Cited
Center for Bioethics. "Alternative Organ Sources." Organ Transplantation.
Minnesota: The Starr Foundation, 2003. 28-29. www.bioethics.umn.edu. Web.
17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/
Organ_Transplantation.pdf>.
Egendorf, Laura K, ed. Organ Donation. New York: Greenhaven, 2009. Print.
Kalogjera, Liliana M. "New Means of Increasing the Transplant Organ Supply."
Journal of the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities 34.4
(2007): n. pag. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 4 Nov. 2010.
<http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
detail?vid=4&hid=14&sid=b12adc9b-e821-4cdb-8161-8146f5980181%40sessionmgr115#db=f
5h&AN=31764846>.
Kaufman, David A. "Transplant Rejection." www.nlm.nih.gov. A.D.A.M., 25 Jan.
2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/
article/000815.htm>.
The Massachusetts General Hospital Organ Transplant Team and H.F. Pizer.
Organ Transplants: A Patients Guide. Cambridge: Harvard University
40. Works Cited continued
Parr, Elizabeth. Coping with an Organ Transplant. New York: Avery, 2001. Print.
Winters, Adam. Organ Transplant: The Debate Over Who, How, and Why. New York:
The Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Print.
"The Gift of Life: Organs & Tissues for Transplant." Gift of Life. Donate
Life, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.donors1.org/learn/organs/>.
I chose to do organ donation because it literally saves peoples lives, it is a selfless gift, and more people should know the benefits of being an organ donor.\n Through my application component I was able to see the amount of people raising awareness about organ donations and meet recipients along the way. \n
My only personal relevance is that I am an organ donor. No one in my family has ever needed an organ or donated their organs. I decided to do organ donors because I wanted to know more about what it means to be an organ donor.\n
An organ is a mass of cells and tissues that work together to perform a specialized function in the body.\n\nAn organ transplant is a surgical operation that removes a failing organ and is then replaced with a new one. \n
In 1954 the first successful kidney transplant happened \n\nIn 1962 the first successful cadaveric transplant \n\nIn 1982 was the first artificial transplant \n\n
When a person&#x2019;s organ is failing a doctor will assess the person&#x2019;s eligibility for a transplant. Then the person is referred to a transplant center where their mental and physical health is evaluated.\n\nThere are two different types of organ sources cadaveric and living organs. Cadaveric organs are organs taken from recently deceased people. Living organ donors are usually relatives, spouses, and close friends. \n
Interviewing with members of the committee is like writing your college essay. You want to sell yourself. They see numerous potential candidates everyday so they have to tell them why they deserve a transplant. \n\nJust like potential candidates want to look good for the members, the transplant team want to look good to the patient. There are many transplant centers across the United States so the centers want to have good quality care, outcomes, and customer satisfaction.\n
One of the main issues when it comes to organ transplants is that there are a shortage of available organs. As of March 1, 2011 the waiting list is over 110,000. \nThe United Network for Organ Sharing holds the waiting list and here are some of their statistics.\n-On average 17 patients will die waiting for an organ\n-Everyday 106 people are added to the list\n-68 patients receive an organ everyday\n\n\nDistributive justice is a way to fairly divide resources. There is no &#x201C;right,&#x201D; way to distribute organs. There are many ways to reasons to choose who to give an organ to such as: a person&#x2019;s needs, effort, contribution, and merit. \n\nEqual access is a form of distributive justice. Equal access is based on objective factors such as length of time waiting (first come, first served) and age (youngest to oldest). This method is free of race, gender, and income level biases. \n\nMaximum benefit is another form of distributive justice where the goal is to maximize the number of successful transplants such as medical need (giving the sickest people the first opportunity) and the probable success of a transplant (giving the organs who will most likely live the longest).\n
The testing for the heart include: a stress test that records the motion and regularity of the heart muscle. There is a heart tracing that accesses the heart's rate and rhythm. All of these tests get reviewed by a cardiologist who takes these results and determines the heart&#x2019;s ability during a major surgery.\n\nThe pulmonary evaluation is done to predict lung volumes and capacity. This test is very important because after the transplant operation the new organ needs blood rich in oxygen.\n\nThe ultrasound of the failing organ is done to see whether or not the veins and arteries of the organ are intact. They also allow the physicians to see if there are any masses in the organ\n\n\n\n\n
UNOS stands for the United Network for Organ Sharing. It is a private, non-profit organization that manage&#x2019;s the United States organ transplant system.\n\nThey manage the national waiting list, maintain the database for the all organ transplant data that ever occurred, and provide assistance to patients and their families. UNOS is involved in every aspect of organ transplants. \n\n
When the organ becomes available it is taken to the Organ Procurement Organization. From there the OPO matches the donor organ its recipient. Many factors such as organ type, blood type, organ size, etc. go into matching a donor organ to a patient.\n\nThere are 58 federally designated organ procurement organizations in the United States. \n\nOPOs are the only organizations that can recover organs from organs from deceased donors. \n\n
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The liver is the largest organ in the body. It breaks down harmful substances in our blood and the production of bile that aids in digestion.\n\nViral infections, genetic disorders and alcoholism can cause liver failure.\n\nUsually the entire liver is transplanted, but it is possible to transplant part of the liver. This makes it possible for living donors to transplant part of their liver. \n\nOn average a patient waits 11 months for a liver transplant\n\nAn adult liver can be split and transplanted into two recipients. \n
The heart is the hardest working organ in our bodies.\n\nCoronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy (the heart no longer pumps effectively), and the weakening of the heart muscle are all reasons for a heart transplant. \n\nA heart donation is vital for saving the recipients life. If a heart is not immediately available then the patient will receive a mechanical heart that pumps the blood. \n\nOn average patients wait 4 months for a heart transplant.\n\nTalk about guy met at volunteer meeting. \n\n\n
The kidneys function are to filter our bodies from waste and impurities. They also release hormones to regulate blood pressure and control the production of red blood cells. \n\nDiabetes, high blood pressure, and a number of inherited diseases can cause kidney failure. If kidneys go untreated it can be fatal.\n\nMost of us are born with two kidneys, but we are able to survive on one. This is why there are able to be living kidney donors. \n\nOn average patients wait is five years. \n\n\n
The lungs pass oxygen through the blood stream and expel carbon dioxide from the body.\n\nSome lung transplants are caused by heredity but most are from smoking or environmental pollution.\n\nIt is crucial for a patient to receive a transplant in a short amount of time because some patients require oxygen 24 hours a day.\n\nOn average patients wait four months to receive a transplant.\n
The pancreas produces insulin which is a hormone that turns sugar into fuel.\n\nA pancreas that is not functioning can cause other problems such as kidney failure, heart disease, and strokes. \n\nThe most common cause for pancreas disease is Type 1 diabetes.\n\nIt is common for a patient to be waiting for a pancreas and kidney transplant at the same time because a diseased pancreas results in a failing kidney.\n\nPatients can wait on average for 2 years for a transplant.\n
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Xenotransplantation is when animal organs are transplanted into human beings\n\nTransgenic animals are animals that have human genes injected into them. Scientists do this because the human body attacks and kills the foreign cells\n\nPigs are biologically similar to humans. In 1997 Robert Pennington received a pig liver. The liver was placed next to Robert&#x2019;s bed and tubes were placed from the liver to Robert. The tubes pumped the poisoned blood out and clean blood back in. The pig liver was used for six and a half hours until a human liver available. \n
An artificial organ is a man-made device that replaces the body's normal functions. Some artificial organs are permanent, but most are only temporary unitl a living organ becomes available. \n\nContinuousAPD is a is machine that pumps blood through an artificial kidney (dialysis). The patient is hooked up to tubes several times a day to filter waste. \n\nThe iron lung was invented by Philip Drinker and Louis Shaw in 1928. It was a large metal tank pumped air forcing your chest to rise and fall so you could breathe. \n\nThe heart-lung machine was invented by Dr. John Gibbon in 1953. When your heart and lungs stop working this machine temporarily take over. This was a big breakthrough becuase it allowed surgeons to have more time to operate in open-heart surgery. \n\n\n
Stem cells are cells that can specialize into many different cells in the human body\n\nScientists hope to be able to grow stem cells into entire organs or groups of specialized cells\n\nStem cells are most dominant in the human embryo. The problem with the cells being in the embryo is when the cells are removed the embryo is destroyed.\n\nStem cells are a major controversy because removing them kills a potential life\n
Aborted fetuses is only a suggested form of organs\n\nTheir organs would be used for infants\n\nThis form of transplanted organs are very controversial for many reasons. One of them being that people say it would condone late-term abortions. \n
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Transplant tourism is when people travel to other countries in order to obtain an organ transplant\n\nThe practice of transplant tourism doesn't violate U.S. laws or the National Transplant Act. \n\nTourists come from all over the world. From the United States, Germany, Japan, Australia, and Egypt. \n\nColumbia, China, India, etc. are destinations for transplant tours. \n\nCanadian-based MediTours are transplant tourism companies that offer organ transplants as an option on a menu of other medical services. \n\nTransplant tourisms are cheaper and there are shorter waiting lists. \n\n\n
Internet solicitation is when a potential recipient and donor find each other through the web. \n\nMatchingDonors.com is a website where recipients pay a membership fee and create a profile. The donors don&#x2019;t have to pay a fee and they browse the recipients&#x2019; profiles. A donor and recipient can communicate with one another and decide whether to go through with the transplant or not. \n\nSome of the problems associated with using the internet is some hospitals refuse to perform the transplant because the recipient and donor met online. Usually donors are family members or friends, not strangers. \n\nThe benefit of using the Internet is it is charitable and it gives the recipient a chance to find a donor.\n\nInternet solicitation is legal. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act permits directed organ donation for the transplantation purposes. It does not matter how the donor and recipient met. \n\n\n
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After patients receive their new organ they are put on immunosuppressants. Immunosuppressants block the rejection of the new organ while still maintaining the immune system&#x2019;s ability to protect the body from disease and infections.\n\nRejection is when the fights off the new organ because it thinks of it as a foreign invader such as a virus or bacteria. The body produces antibodies that attack the organ. Doctors will give the patients immunosuppressant drugs to lower the level of antibodies that way the new organ can adapt to the body. \n\nSpecific suppression: blocks the immune response to the new organ, leaving the response to other foreign antigens intact\n\nNonspecific suppression: blocks the immune response to all foreign antigens\n\nNonspecific suppression provides a risk because it lowers your immune system, but the doses lower several months after surgery allowing patients their normal lives\n\nRecipients of new organs will always have to take immunosuppresants in order to prevent the organ from being rejected\n\n
because immunosuppressants lower the body&#x2019;s immune system recipients are more susceptible to infections. There are three periods in which recipients are at a high risk\n\n1st month: the first month after the transplant is the highest risk. 95% of infections occur in anyone who is recuperating from surgery. Some infections include urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia\n\n2nd month: during these months viral infections are common. The one doctors are more concerned about is cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV, which causes mononucleosis), and hepatitis\n\n6th month: by this time the new organ is working well and the immunosuppressants are at a low dose. The recipients are practically free from infection. If they were to catch a cold or the flu, recovery for them is the same as anyone else\n\nDespite the risk of infections for a transplant patient, most recipients live normal lives. They go back to work, socialize freely, and even travel.\n\n\n
Transplant rejection is when the recipients immune system attacks the transplanted organ. \n\nThe immune system identifies the new organ as a foreign invader and will attack it resulting in the organ being rejected.\n\nImmunosuppresive drugs are used to to prevent organ rejection.\n\n\n
Laws: The laws exist to ensure safe and fair collection and distribution of organs. They also have been imposed to increase the number of available organs for donations. \n\nNOTA: was established to improve the collection and distribution of organs. It enforces UNOS keep a nationwide computer registry of all patients in need of organs. It established the OPTN and the Task Force on Organ Transplantation. It also bans the purchase or sale of organs or tissues. \n\nCOBRA: requires hospitals and Organ Procurement Organizations to work with each other. \n\nFirst Person: this law requires hospitals and organ procurement organizations to follow a patients organ donation wishes as indicated on their driver&#x2019;s license or in a health care directive. This means that it does not require hospitals or OPOs to ask the person&#x2019;s family for consent to remove their organs. \n
Brain death is medically, legally and morally accepted as the determination for death. A series of tests are done of a period of time to are required to determine brain death before the family is presented with the option to donate.\n\nThe medical team treating you and the transplant team are completely separate. Donation is not even considered until a person has died. The donor program isn&#x2019;t notified until lifesaving efforts have failed. \n\nDonated organs are surgically removed and it is just like any other surgery. Donation does not interfere with funeral arrangements such as having an open casket. \n
Phil Lesh is a founding member of the Grateful Dead. In 1998 he received a liver transplant. Since then he advocates for organ donation. At the end of his concerts he talks about his transplant story and why it is important to be an organ donor. Here is one of his &#x201C;donor raps.&#x201D;\n
Donor cards are legally binding, but may families be asked to donate your organs. It is important to tell your family your donation wishes because then they won&#x2019;t have to guess what you want. Some families have said that knowing what the person wanted was much easier to give permission to donate. \n
For my application I volunteered for the Donor Dash. Gift of Life host the donor dash every year. Gift of Life is a foundation for organ donors. My job at the dash was to go around and take pictures of people holding a sign that said "give life a second chance." The pictures would then be posted on the Gift of Life facebook page. I had to go to a voluteer informational meeting. There we were aquainted with all of the volunteer jobs. Then it was the day of the dash. This made me step out of my comfort zone for a good reason. I am kind of shy and I had to go up to strangers and ask for the picture. It went well I go 34 pictures and it was a great day. \n
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This project made me learn a lot about organ donations and how it not only changes the recipients life but the donors. I had no idea what it meant to be a recipient of an organ transplant. It also taught me about myself. When I did my application I went alone to Philly to help out with the Dash. I am somewhat of a shy person and I had to go up to strangers to ask for their pictures. But I got through it and I glad I could step out of my comfort zone for such a wonderful cause. \n
